What United States's own immigration authority currently publishes. Not a ranking, not a guarantee, and not the same as what any agent or forum will tell you. Whether someone actually obtains residence depends on occupation, points, funds and policy that can change between application and graduation.
Work during study
F-1 students may work on campus without separate USCIS authorization: up to 20 hours per week while school is in session, and full-time during official school breaks and the annual vacation, at a qualifying on-campus job (or an off-campus job that is educationally affiliated with the school, e.g. contractually funded postgraduate research) that does not displace a US citizen or lawful permanent resident. Off-campus employment based on economic need is not available by default — it requires case-by-case USCIS approval (a separate Form I-765 Employment Authorization Document application), granted only after a full academic year in status and only on a showing of severe economic hardship from unforeseen circumstances (or a DHS-declared 'emergent circumstances' event), and is capped at 20 hours/week in session, full-time out of session. Curricular Practical Training (CPT) and pre/post-completion Optional Practical Training (OPT) are separate, study-related practical-training work authorizations governed by their own rules (OPT is covered under 'post-study work' in this entry).
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Post-study work visa
Optional Practical Training (OPT), including the 24-month STEM OPT extension . Up to 3 years
Any F-1 graduate, in any field, may apply for up to 12 months of post-completion Optional Practical Training (temporary employment directly related to their major, authorized via an Employment Authorization Document from USCIS; any pre-completion OPT already used is deducted from this 12 months). A graduate whose degree appears on DHS's STEM Designated Degree Program List (defined by Classification of Instructional Programs codes covering engineering, biological sciences, mathematics, physical sciences and related fields — not every STEM-sounding degree necessarily qualifies) may then apply for a further 24-month STEM OPT extension, for a combined maximum of 36 months, provided the employer is enrolled in and stays in good standing with E-Verify, signs a formal Form I-983 training plan, and the graduate works at least 20 hours per week for that employer. A second 24-month STEM OPT extension can become available if the graduate later earns another qualifying STEM degree at a higher educational level. Allowed unemployment while on OPT is capped at 90 days on the initial 12 months and a further 60 days (150 total) if a STEM extension is granted. Separately and importantly: a DHS final rule taking effect 15 September 2026 replaces the prior open-ended 'duration of status' framework with a fixed admission period (based on the program's length, capped at 4 years) — an F-1 student who needs to remain for post-completion OPT or a STEM OPT extension beyond that fixed period must separately file and be approved for a USCIS Extension of Stay (Form I-539) or the OPT/STEM OPT authorization cannot lawfully be used to remain in the country.
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Route to permanent residence
OPT and the STEM OPT extension are temporary work authorizations tied to F-1 student status — neither one converts automatically into any form of permanent residence. The realistic route runs through employer sponsorship: an employer petitions for a temporary H-1B specialty-occupation worker visa (initial period up to 3 years, extendable to 6, generally requiring at least a US bachelor's degree or equivalent in a field directly related to the job), which is numerically capped at 65,000 new statuses per fiscal year plus a 20,000 exemption for holders of a US master's degree or higher, and allocated by an electronic registration lottery when demand exceeds the cap — USCIS confirmed the regular cap and the master's-degree cap were both already reached for fiscal year 2027 as of this reading. While on H-1B (or, for a smaller number of people, directly from F-1 in narrower cases such as extraordinary-ability or national-interest-waiver petitions), an employer or the individual can pursue one of five employment-based immigrant-visa (green card) preference categories (EB-1 through EB-5), most of which require the employer to first obtain a Department of Labor labor certification (PERM) showing no sufficient, willing, qualified US worker is available for the role — a process with no fixed timeline. Approximately 140,000 employment-based immigrant visas are available across all categories each fiscal year, and per-country annual limits mean the wait for applicants born in some countries (notably India and China) is materially longer than for others.
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Route to citizenship
Naturalization is administered by USCIS — the same agency that runs the immigration system, since both sit under the Department of Homeland Security. The most common route requires having held lawful permanent resident (green card) status for at least 5 years (3 years if married to and living with a US citizen for that period), continuous residence in the US for that period, physical presence in the US for at least 30 months of the preceding 5 years, at least 3 months' residence in the state or USCIS district where the applicant applies, good moral character for the qualifying period, basic ability to read, write and speak English, knowledge of US history and civics, and taking the Oath of Allegiance. The Oath itself contains renunciation language — an applicant swears to 'absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty' of which they were previously a subject or citizen — but this is a declaration of allegiance to the United States rather than a mechanism the US enforces against a person's other citizenship: US law does not require a naturalizing citizen to formally give up their original nationality, and the State Department's own guidance states that a person may naturalize in the United States (or abroad) without any requirement to choose between US citizenship and another nationality. Whether the applicant's country of origin lets them keep it in turn is that country's own decision, not a matter of US law.
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What the government currently prioritises
The United States has no federal points-based or general shortage-occupation list of the kind Canada, Australia, the UK or New Zealand publish. The closest official equivalent is the Department of Labor's narrow 'Schedule A' designation, published on USCIS's own site, which exempts only two specific groups of occupations from the standard PERM labor-certification process because DOL has already determined there are not enough available US workers for them — it is not a broader skills-shortage list and covers only a handful of roles.
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Read 17 August 2026, during an unusually volatile stretch of US immigration policy — re-check every figure here before relying on it, more so than for any other country in this dataset. Three developments in particular are live and could each change what a prospective student should expect: (1) A DHS final rule published 17 July 2026 ends the decades-old 'duration of status' framework for F-1 students effective 15 September 2026, replacing it with a fixed admission period (program length, capped at 4 years) plus a mandatory USCIS Extension of Stay (Form I-539, with biometrics and a fee) for anyone needing to remain for post-completion OPT or the STEM OPT extension beyond that fixed period — a procedural step that did not previously exist for most students. A transition window applies for students already in the US on the effective date. (2) A presidential proclamation effective 21 September 2025 requires a $100,000 payment for most new H-1B petitions filed for a beneficiary outside the US without a valid H-1B visa — the single biggest practical barrier between OPT/STEM OPT and long-term US employment for a new graduate whose employer has not already secured them an H-1B. As of this reading a federal district court had vacated DHS's guidance implementing the payment and a Court of Appeals had denied a government motion to stay that ruling, so DHS states it is complying 'while DHS considers next steps' but 'still plans to collect the payment' if the ruling is overturned — the requirement's real-world status is genuinely unsettled. (3) USCIS had already announced the regular H-1B cap (65,000) and the master's-degree exemption (20,000) were both reached for fiscal year 2027, meaning cap-subject H-1B sponsorship is a lottery with no guarantee of selection even where an employer is willing to sponsor. Only DHS/ICE (via the Student and Exchange Visitor Program), USCIS and studyinthestates.dhs.gov are treated as authoritative here per this dataset's rules — never a university international office, an immigration-law firm's explainer, or a visa-consultancy aggregator, all of which publish this same information with varying currency and interest in the outcome. citizenshipRoute added 17 August 2026: the 5-year/N-400 residence requirement and the Oath of Allegiance's literal renunciation clause are both cited to uscis.gov (460266156f73de78 and bd9ee58930f2ed05, the USCIS Policy Manual's own Oath of Allegiance chapter, already archived above for a different purpose and reused here). The practical dual-nationality statement is instead cited to the State Department's own travel.state.gov (066a7fa4acb534dc) — a new domain added to IMMIGRATION_DOMAINS this pass — because USCIS's own naturalization pages state the Oath's renunciation wording without separately confirming that the US does not enforce it, while travel.state.gov's 'Dual Nationality' page states the practical policy directly ('U.S. law does not require a U.S. citizen to choose between U.S. citizenship and another (foreign) nationality'). travel.state.gov returned HTTP 403 to the project's default fetcher and to WebFetch; it was archived via the project's browser fallback. naturalisationStatus set to 'published-route' on 18 August 2026: the authority already cited under citizenshipRoute publishes criteria a foreign resident could actually follow, which is the only claim this field makes. It is deliberately not a judgement about how attainable that route is in practice. studentVisaFunds deliberately left empty, 19 August 2026, after checking: the United States publishes no national proof-of-funds figure for the F-1/M-1 student visa, so there is nothing to record. SEVP’s own Study in the States page on Financial Ability (snapshot 0966c18b54006f98, the page itself last updated May 25, 2023) states the rule without any amount: a prospective student must show that they or a sponsor have “sufficient funds to cover tuition and living expenses during the period of intended study”, and it is the designated school official (DSO) at the SEVP-certified school who collects that evidence before issuing the Form I-20. The threshold is therefore set per school and per programme on the I-20 itself, and acceptable forms of evidence vary by school too. Any single dollar figure presented as “the US requirement” would be invented. A future collector should not go looking again unless DHS or the State Department starts publishing one.